Discussion Questions
- What was it about Xerox PARC that made it so successful in computing
research? Could it be duplicated today?
- Xerox developed some pretty important technologies at PARC, yet
today the company is a shadow of its former self and may not survive for long.
Could it have commercialized them more effectively? Why did it fund the lab,
and did it get value for money?
- Ever since the Mac, no computer project or internet firm has been complete
without a visionary leader out to change the world. What does this story tell
us about the advantages and dangers of visionary leadership? Why do people try
so hard to fit the visionary role?
- How useful was the Mac as eventually produced? How did it have to change?
- How important are the differences between Windows and Apple machines
today? Would it matter if Apple vanished tomorrow? So... if Jobs had never
existed, would the world be appreciably different?
Resources
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Largely on the strengths of its 70s triumphs, Xerox PARC retained enormous
cachet through the 1990s. You can read its
official history page on
the Web. For a site full of details and links on its commercially unsuccessful
Star project, see
here.
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It was way too long to set for class, but I would heartily recommend the
recent book Michael Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning: Xerox Parc and the Dawn of
the Computer Age, Harperbusiness, 2000. You can see the
Amazon page here.
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Steve Jobs is one of the most famous figures in the world of computing. There
are a ton of books about him, and on the origins of the Mac. The Smithsonian
conducted an oral
history interview with him, covering his earlier years. In 1996, shortly
before his return to Apple, he gave a
long interview to Wired (4.02 -- February 1996). At this point, Jobs had
just burned through $250 million of venture capital to sell 50,000 Next
computers.
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One of the best known books on the Mac is by Steven Levy, who you know as the
author of Hackers. Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer
That Changed Everything, Viking-Penguin, 1994. It's readable, but Levy is
a little bit too caught up in his own love affair with the Mac to do as good a
job here as he did elsewhere. You can read a
short extract on-line. However, the best book on Apple and the origins of
the Mac remains the early Michael Moritz, The Little Kingdom: The Private Story
of Apple Computer, William Morrow, 1984.
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Alex Pang, who teaches and does web things in the library at Stanford,
produced a website at Stanford University on the
Making of the Macintosh
as part of a broader exploration of Silicon Valley history. It includes a great
selection on primary documents and so rises far above the many of the fan sites
on the topic. The idea is to get away on an exclusive focus on a couple of
people. Includes focus on Raskin's original vision and on the creation of
the Apple mouse.
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