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1.
INTRODUCTION 1
Continuity
Amid Revolution 4
Narrative
Summary 11
Computers
and the Corporation 18
Technicians and Management 24
Sources of
Managerial Legitimacy: Systems, Science, and Information 33
Institutions, Occupations, and Identities 39
Managers
and Professionals 45
Axes of
Identity 49
SECTION
I: EXPERTS AND MACHINES IN CORPORATE ADMINISTRATION, 1917-1958 58
2.
ENGINEERING THE PROGRESSIVE OFFICE, 1917-1940 58
Scientific
Office Management 60
The Office
Management Movement 67
Technology
and Office Management 71
Management
and Technology in Practice 79
Bookkeeping Machinery and Managerial Systematization 83
Dictating
Inefficiency 89
The Fate
of Systematic Office Management 94
Leffingwell’s Legacy 97
3. SYSTEM
MEN AND MANAGEMENT SCIENTISTS 102
Management
in the 1950s 102
The
Systems Men 109
Tensions
of Line and Staff 114
Generalists, Specialists, and Professionals 125
Drawing
the Boundaries – What Systems Work Wasn’t 131
Systems
Work In Practice 136
Operations
Research in the 1950s 140
4. SORTING
PUNCHED CARDS AND SHIFTING IDENTITIES: THE “MACHINE MEN” BETTER THEMSELVES 152
From
Hollerith to Machine Accounting 154
Life in
the Tab Room 161
Becoming
Machine Accountants 174
How To
Better Oneself – Machine Accounting and Systems 181
Blue
Piping, White Collars 184
Inside The
NMAA 188
Three
Visions of Management 193
SECTION
II: CREATING DATA PROCESSING 1954-1958 197
5. BUYING
AND SELLING AN ELECTRONIC REVOLUTION 197
“The
Ominous Rumble You Sense is the Future Coming At Us” 206
“The
Machine Accountant and His Electronic Opportunity” 208
“High-Speed Operations Research for High-Speed Business” 216
“A Dream
off A Pink Cloud”: Selling a Revolution 221
…Buying a
Computer 228
Pushing
for Status 239
Doing the
Same Things, Faster 247
6. BUILDING
THE DATA PROCESSING DEPARTMENT 253
Punched
Card Machines + Computers = Data Processing 262
Operating
The Computer 267
The Shock
of the New Furniture 280
Systems
Analysis and Flowcharting 285
Programming – The New Task 291
The Craft
of Programming 301
SECTION
III: FROM DATA TO INFORMATION 1959-1975 320
7. DATA
PROCESSING EVOLVES 320
The Second
Generation Machines 325
Applications, Staffing and Practice 332
COBOL: “A
Step In the Right Direction” 341
On-Line
Systems and Random-Access Storage 357
The Third
Generation 369
Operators
and Operating Systems 374
The Third
Generation In Practice 385
8. INVENTING
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION 392
Information and Management 395
The
Totally Integrated Management Information System 409
The
Origins of Totality 414
“Two Paths
Diverge”: The Systems Men and the Computer 428
Uniting
Systems, Operations Research and Data Processing 441
Selling
MIS and the Third Generation 446
Failure as
a Cultural Resource 453
The
Information Pyramid: A Challenge to the Controller 456
The Fate
of MIS 463
MIS in the
1970s and Beyond 471
9. THE DATA
PROCESSING DEPARTMENT IN THE 1970S 491
“EDP: The
Twenty Year Rip-Off?” 494
Climbing
the Ladder 499
The
Computer Department as an Efficient Factory 508
Decentralization, Time-sharing, and the Minicomputer 516
The
Arrival of Packaged Software 525
The Death
of the Programmer Was Much Exaggerated 534
SECTION
IV: PROFESSIONALISM IN ADMINISTRATIVE COMPUTING, 1959-1975 544
10. DATA
PROCESSING AS PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY 544
“Ride the
Fad into the Land of the Walnut Desk” 547
“Three
Parts Office Manager to One Part Mr. Einstein”: Office Management in the
Electronic Era 549
Machine
Accounting to Data Processing 558
Building a
Profession Through Education 561
A New
Certificate Is Born 567
The CDP In
Practice 574
Members of
the DPMA 585
DPMA
Chapters versus DPMA Headquarters 590
The CDP
and the Profession 598
11.
PAN-COMPUTER PROFESSIONALISM: DATA PROCESSING MEETS COMPUTING 611
Computing
vs. Data Processing 612
Pan-computer Professionalism Defined 622
RAND, Los
Angeles, and the Origins of Pan-computer Professionalism 631
SIGBDP:
The ACM Discovers Data Processing 640
“Would You
Want Your Sister To Marry One?” Computing Flirts with Data Processing 645
Certification and Pan-Computer Professionalism 663
How To Not
Join AFIPS 668
12. DATA
PROCESSING PROFESSIONALISM IN CRISIS 679
The DPMA
in the Late 1960s 680
Crisis 1:
The Failure of Managerial Professionalism 682
Crisis 2:
The Expansion of Certification 689
Crisis 3:
Dwindling Membership 695
Rethinking
Certification 700
The 1970s:
A Partial Rapprochement 707
The Fall
of Elliot 713
The DPMA
in AFIPS and the ICCP 716
Pan-computer Professionalism In Retrospect 725
SECTION
V: BEYOND DATA PROCESSING, 1975-2000 735
13. NEW
TECHNOLOGIES AND NEW IDENTITIES 735
Software
Engineering 737
The Data
Base and the Data Resource Function 753
Office
Automation 766
The
Personal Computer and End User Computing 774
14. THE
CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER IN THEORY AND PRACTICE 787
The
Information Executive for the Information Age 789
The Spread
of the CIO Concept 799
The CIO in
Practice 806
Total
Systems Return: BRP, ERP, CRM 813
Changes in
the Corporate Computing Workforce 823
The CIO
and the Internet 835
The Two
Cultures of Corporate Computing 841
Beyond
Information 845
15.
CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH 855
Continuity
and Change for the Managerial Technician 855
Further
Research 864
Information and the Historian 869
APPENDIX:
TIMELINE 875
BIBLIOGRAPHY
908
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